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Human rotaviruses are the utmost etiologic agents of infantile gastroenteritis in children under five years of age. To reduce childhood morbidity and mortality caused by this rotavirus infection, numerous efforts are being made wo...
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Human rotaviruses are the utmost etiologic agents of infantile gastroenteritis in children under five years of age. To reduce childhood morbidity and mortality caused by this rotavirus infection, numerous efforts are being made worldwide in the form of better and universal immunisation programmes. Though few vaccines are in action, the lack of approved antiviral agents that have potential combative effects against the rotavirus infection in the host, remains a point of concern. This review focuses on recent insights into the development of naturally derived, RNA-silencing-based drug substances that show their anti-rotaviral activities by targeting and influencing different host and/or viral factors that contribute directly or indirectly to successful viral pathogenesis.
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SARS-CoV-2 has surged across the globe causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Systematic testing to facilitate index case isolation and contact tracing is needed for efficient containment of viral spread. The major bottleneck in l...
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SARS-CoV-2 has surged across the globe causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Systematic testing to facilitate index case isolation and contact tracing is needed for efficient containment of viral spread. The major bottleneck in leveraging testing capacity has been the lack of diagnostic resources. Pooled testing is a potential approach that could reduce cost and usage of test kits. This method involves pooling individual samples and testing them 'en bloc'. Only if the pool tests positive, retesting of individual samples is performed. Upon reviewing recent articles on this strategy employed in various SARS-CoV-2 testing scenarios, we found substantial diversity emphasizing the requirement of a common protocol. In this article, we review various theoretically simulated and clinically validated pooled testing models and propose practical guidelines on applying this strategy for large scale screening. If implemented properly, the proposed approach could contribute to proper utilization of testing resources and flattening of infection curve. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Kinase insert Domain containing Receptor (KDR)/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR-2) participate in endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to chronic liver disease. KDR reflects naturally against the toxicants fro...
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Kinase insert Domain containing Receptor (KDR)/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR-2) participate in endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to chronic liver disease. KDR reflects naturally against the toxicants from the damaged liver cells. Association of KDR polymorphism has been reported with many diseases including liver disease, but its role has not been described in ARV induced hepatotoxicity. Hence, we examined the exonic regions KDR (1192G/A, 1719A/T) polymorphism from 165 HIV-infected individuals (34/165 had ARV induced hepatotoxicity, 131/165 were with no hepatotoxicity) and 160 normal uninfected individuals by PCR-RFLP. In univariate analysis, KDR 1719 TT genotype presented at greater frequency from all HIV positive individuals in contrast with normal uninfected individuals (7.87% vs. 4.4%, OR = 1.72, P = 0.38). Individuals with KDR 1719 TT genotype had a risk for increasing hepatotoxicity and its severity (OR = 1.91, P = 0.38). Individuals with haplotype AT had risk for increasing hepatotoxicity and its severity (OR = 1.60, P = 0.50; OR = 2.35, P = 0.27). Whereas haplotype AA was associated with reduced risk of developing hepatotoxicity (OR = 0.40, P = 0.04). Individuals with KDR 1719 TT genotype were at greater risk of advancement of HIV disease (OR = 2.31, P = 0.23). Individuals with KDR 1719 TT genotype had more vulnerability for developing hepatotoxicity among alcohol users (OR = 2.57, P = 0.23). Individuals with KDR 1719 TT genotype were at higher risk of developing hepatotoxicity and its severity among nevirapine and alcohol consumers (OR = 2.47, P = 0.24; OR = 5.42, P = 0.42). In multivariate analysis, hepatotoxicity patients taking ART inclusive of nevirapine was associated with the severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 4.82, P = 0.002). In conclusion, KDR 1719 TT genotype and haplotype AT may have a risk for development of hepatotoxicity and its severity. Haplotype AA may have influence to reduce the risk of developing hepatotoxicity.
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Background: Mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene has a significant role in the essential protective mechanism of the body. Variations reported in the genetic makeup of this gene influence the circulating MBL levels that could lead...
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Background: Mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene has a significant role in the essential protective mechanism of the body. Variations reported in the genetic makeup of this gene influence the circulating MBL levels that could lead to the vulnerability to various viral infections including HIV. Hence, we assessed the MBL2 coding region (52A/D, 54A/B, and 57A/C) variations in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Method: In this proposed study, 208 HIV seropositive individuals were included, 104 were on ART undergone for IHDS evaluation (44 HAND+60 without HAND), and 104 HIV seropositive individuals naive to ART, and 130 unrelated HIV uninfected individuals. PCR-RFLP was used to genotype the MBL2 coding region polymorphism (52A/D, 54A/B and 57A/C). Results: MBL-2 57AC genotype was associated with risk of HAND severity (OR = 4.69, P = 0.0009). MBL-2 57AC and 57C alleles were associated with susceptibility to HAND (OR = 3.14, P = 0.003). Furthermore, the MBL-2 57AC genotype and 57C allele were found to be significantly linked with the susceptibility to HIV disease severity. (OR = 6.34, P = 0.001; 16.82% vs. 3.46%, OR = 5.64, P = 0.001). Haplotype ACA was significantly linked with susceptibility to HAND and its severity (OR = 3.23, P = 0.004, 26.1%-8.1%, OR = 4.70, P = 0.0024), similarly, haplotype ACA was linked with the acquisition of HIV-1 (OR = 4.26, P = 0.005). MBL-2 57AC genotype in presence of tobacco showed a significantly higher risk for HIV disease severity (48.0% vs. 12.5%, OR = 7.00, P = 0.035). Alcohol-taking HIV seropositive individuals on ART showed a greater MBL-2 57AC genotype than with alcohol-taking naive to ART (32.3% vs. 15.4%, OR = 2.75, P = 0.40). Conclusion: MBL-2 57AC genotype and haplotype ACA were associated with the modulation of HAND. Individuals with haplotype ACA were at higher risk of HIV-1 acquisition.
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Apolipoprotein not only have a role in cholesterol metabolism but also play a role in normal brain function. Apolipoprotein gene polymorphisms are known risk factors for a number of mental and neurological disorders. The expressio...
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Apolipoprotein not only have a role in cholesterol metabolism but also play a role in normal brain function. Apolipoprotein gene polymorphisms are known risk factors for a number of mental and neurological disorders. The expression of brain apolipoproteins is significantly altered in several brain disorders. Therefore, we assed ApoC33238 C/G polymorphism in a total of 248 patient infected with HIV (45 with HAND, 89 without HAND, 114 without ART) and 134 healthy controls using PCR-RFLP. ApoC3 3238CG, 3238 GG genotypes and 3238G allele showed a non-significant increased risk for severity of HAND (P = 0.16, OR = 1.83; P = 0.32, OR = 2.78; P = 0.10, OR = 1.65) while comparing individuals with and without HAND. ApoC3 3238 GG genotype and 3238G allele revealed an increased risk for disease progression when compared between HIV patients with and without ART (P = 0.55, OR = 1.76; P = 0.65, OR = 1.12) though risk could not reach statistical significance. ApoC3 3238 GG genotype and 3238G allele were associated with the reduced risk of acquiring HIV infection when comparing HIV patients who are not on ART with healthy controls (P = 0.05, OR = 0.29; P = 0.04, OR = 0.66). In HIV patients on ART, ApoC3 3238 GG genotype showed an increased susceptibility to development of HAND (P = 0.48, OR = 2.24) when comparing alcohol drinkers and non-drinkers however risk could not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, the genotype ApoC33238GG displayed an inclination of risk for the severity of HAND and HIV disease progression. The polymorphism of APOC3 3238C/G may have a role to reduce the risk for acquisition of HIV infection. ApoC33238GG genotype in presence of alcohol may increase susceptibility to development of HAND.
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Background: HIV-1 viral load (VL) testing is essential for monitoring the effects of antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected patients. In order to identify factors that impact testing performance of HIV-1 VL testing laboratories, t...
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Background: HIV-1 viral load (VL) testing is essential for monitoring the effects of antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected patients. In order to identify factors that impact testing performance of HIV-1 VL testing laboratories, this study performed a retrospective analysis on data from the domestic HIV-1 VL proficiency testing (PT) program in China during 2005 to 2019. Methods: Analysis was conducted on testing results of 155 PT panel specimens that were distributed to HIV-1 VL testing laboratories nationwide during 2005 to 2019. Follow-up on-site inspection records on unqualified laboratories were also analyzed. Results: By 2019, 267 HIV-1 VL testing laboratories in China enrolled in the national PT assessment. Overall, HIV 1 VL testing performance has been consistently good after 2012, with less than 5% of participants reporting an unqualified score. Unsatisfactory equipment conditions and poor laboratory administration were the two main reasons causing unqualified scores in the PT assessment. Interestingly, we found that HIV-1 VL testing laboratories had better performance in the CDC system than in hospitals. In analysis on the variance of specimen testing results by different assays, we found that variation in results existed across different assay platforms, and HIV-1 VL testing assays based on real-time PCR technology showed comparatively smaller inter-laboratory variability. Conclusions: To maintain high performance in HIV-1 VL testing laboratories, it is important to strengthen laboratory management and preserve equipment conditions. Due to the variation of testing results among different assay platforms, we suggest using the same assay platform for longitudinal monitoring of patient viral load.
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Background: Natural killer T (NKT) cells act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. Limited information is available regarding the role of NKT cells in the HIV disease progression especially HIV-1 C infection.
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Introduction: High human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) seroprevalence has been reported in men who have sex with men (MSM) and are infected with HIV-1. However, it is unclear when they become infected with HHV-8. Thus, we conducted cross-...
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Introduction: High human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) seroprevalence has been reported in men who have sex with men (MSM) and are infected with HIV-1. However, it is unclear when they become infected with HHV-8. Thus, we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations of HHV-8 seroprevalence in HIV-1-infected individuals in Osaka, Japan.
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<abstract_text><p>Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is often observed after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). Its diagnosis is difficult because patients with sTBI have a communication disability following impaired consciousnes...
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<abstract_text><p>Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is often observed after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). Its diagnosis is difficult because patients with sTBI have a communication disability following impaired consciousness and communication disorder. The intravenous thiamine injection (IT) test is one of the representative diagnostic examinations to identify dysfunction, and it is often used in medical certification for liability insurance of automobiles in Japan because it could be judged by a simple reaction. However, the extent of usefulness of the IT test in the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction in patients with sTBI is unknown. In this study, we validated the usability of the IT test and compared the results with those of the odor stick identification test for the Japanese (OSIT-J) to evaluate the sensitivity of the IT test in patients with sTBI.</p><p>Methods: The study enrolled 205 subjects, including 10 healthy volunteers and 195 patients with sTBI. First, we examined olfactory dysfunction in sTBI patients using OSIT-J. Subsequently, we performed the IT test among patients with olfactory dysfunction.</p><p>Results: In the first part, 41 subjects, including 10 healthy volunteers, were examined by using the OSIT-J test. As a result, 28 patients were diagnosed with olfactory dysfunction (90.3%, p < 0.0001), including anosmia and parosmia, compared with healthy volunteers. Among the 12 odors, garlic odor was easily recognized for patients with olfactory dysfunction. As a consequence of the IT test for 11 patients with olfactory dysfunction, four patients recognized thiamine odor, and seven patients did not. All four patients could recognize the garlic odor of OSIT-J, but 2 of the seven patients could recognize the garlic odor of OSIT-J, suggesting that the thiamine odor is linked to garlic odor (p = 0.046), but not always. The detection rate of olfactory dysfunction through the IT test was 36.4%.</p><p>Conclusion: Our data showed that garlic odor, which is similar to thiamine odor, was easily recognizable for patients with sTBI. However, the IT test might overlook the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction because it only identifies one odor. In addition, thiamine frequently induces angialgia. We should pay attention to the overconfidence of the IT test for patients with sTBI. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p></abstract_text>
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Background: The influenza-specific antibodies mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may be important in protection against influenza. However, it is not known whether immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-i...
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Background: The influenza-specific antibodies mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may be important in protection against influenza. However, it is not known whether immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-infected persons who have never been vaccinated with influenza vaccine have such a response.
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